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Mykhailo Hrushevsky and his closest family about 1906. Standing from left: brother Alexander, sister Hanna Shamrai, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, wife Maria. Seated from left: nephew Serhii and niece Olha Shamrai, daughter Kateryna, mother Hlafira. Credit: Velikyi Ukrainets. Kateryna in one of her letters, "they are holding meetings and exhibitions to gather funds. It is true that this is on a modest scale because our countrymen suffer greatly from unemployment; but all the same, they give what they can." Throughout this period of exile in western Europe, Kateryna's intellectual progress was the special delight of her father. Not only did it bode well for her own future, but it also made her an indispensable aide to him in his academic and other work. From 1919 to 1924, in fact, she remained his closest co-worker and helper in both his scholarship and his social activities. In 1924, Mykhailo Hrushevsky returned to Soviet Ukraine under an agreement with the Com munist authorities. While he was to avoid open politics, he was permitted to continue his scholarly work. Maria and Kateryna accompanied him to Kyiv. Throughout the 1920s, Kateryna joined in the work of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kyiv where her father quickly became a central figure. Her knowledge of western languages and western concepts in the social sciences was a great boon to the academy as she frequently reviewed and publicized the most recent work of western anthropologists and so ciologists. She also continued her work on Ukrainian anthropology (or ethnography) and carried on a considerable amount of original research into Ukrainian folklore. As early as 1924, her second book, Primitive Culture: Essays and Addresses (Z prymityvnoi kultury: Rozvidky ta dopovidy) was published in Kyiv. This book contained two important essays: "The Beginnings of American Settlement and Culture" and "Primitive Thinking and Its Echo in Our Folklore." The volume contained a number of other anthropological pieces. Kateryna's second major achievement during this period was the anthropological journal Primordial Society (Pervisne hromadianstvo) which appeared in eight issues between 1926 and 1929 and which she personally edited. The journal covered an entire range of anthropological subjects from mythology and folklore to the material culture of the Ukrainian people. Kateryna contributed many essays and reviews of her own and recruited a wide circle of contributors from the Ukrainian scholarly world. The journal's motto was "Know yourself, your people, its psychology, its past!" In addition to her scholarly work, Kateryna carried on a wide correspondence with fellow scholars and with family and friends. In one of her letters of this period, "Koliunia," as she was affectionately known in family circles, wrote thus to her relatives in Galicia: ’’НАШЕ ЖИТТЯ”, ВЕРЕСЕНЬ 1998 11
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