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Our Life | Наше життя June | Червень 2021 28 tration reflects the general situation in government bureaucracies. Data on Ukrainian scientists are presented in Table 3 by gender. As expected, occupations like engineers and IT professionals have low proportions of women. However, other science categories have high percent - ages of females. For example, one-third of physical scientists, half of mathematicians and biological sci - entists, and 69% of social scientists are women. Occupation categories Males Females Sum % Females Human resources and labor relations 485 1,808 2,293 79 Medicine and health managers 745 2,764 3,509 79 Managers of service organizations 802 2,518 3,319 76 Managers in education 2,016 3,084 5,100 60 Food service and lodging managers 1,317 1,878 3,195 59 Financial managers 2,811 3,887 6,698 58 Marketing, advertising, and public relations 3,440 3,970 7,410 54 Managers of properties 2,036 1,500 3,536 42 Non-specified managers and administrators 28,173 13,673 41,845 33 Chief executives in public administration 5,620 2,228 7,848 28 Funeral directors 192 58 249 23 Sum 47,636 37,368 85,004 44 Table 2. Executive, managerial, and administrative occupations by sex: U.S., 2018 Occupation categories Males Females Sum % Females Engineers 11,446 2,484 13,930 18 IT professionals 12,113 4,850 16,963 29 Physical scientists 2,915 1,439 4,353 33 Mathematicians 742 650 1,392 47 Biological scientists 990 929 1,918 48 Social scientists 1,768 3,921 5,689 69 Table 3. Science occupations by sex: U.S., 2018 Table 4 documents the percentages of female Fourth Wave immigrants in science occupations. The very high percentage of females among all mathemati - cians (47% in Table 3) is driven by Fourth Wave immi - grants – 55% of all Ukrainian female mathematicians in the U.S. are immigrants from Ukraine. Female im - migrants also account for a large percentage of engi - neers and IT professionals. Their percentages in the biological and social scientist categories, on the other hand, are much lower. The percentage of female im - migrants in each of these categories can vary signif - icantly among occupations within the category. For example, more than half of aeronautical, civil, elec - trical, and mechanical engineers are immigrants from Ukraine. In some occupations like petroleum and mining engineers and physicists and astronomers, 100% are Fourth Wave immigrants. Occupation categories Non- 4th wave 4th wave Sum % 4th wave Engineers 1,307 1,177 2,484 47 IT professionals 2,776 2,074 4,850 43 Physical scientists 1,074 365 1,439 25 Mathematicians 312 381 693 55 Biological scientists 682 247 929 27 Social scientists 3,024 897 3,921 23 Table 4. Females in science occupations by Fourth Wave status: U.S., 2018 Data on several professions are presented in Table 5: architects, physicians, dentists, lawyers, and athletes and sports instructors. Except for dentists, wom - en make up about one-third of these professionals. There are 3,200 Ukrainian female physicians and 3,400 female lawyers in the U.S. The number of fe - male architects, dentists, and athletes varies between 432 (dentists) and 557 (architects). Conclusion Conclusion Ukrainian women in the U.S. have achieved high so - cioeconomic status. Their level of education is prac - tically the same as that of Ukrainian males. This high level of education is primarily the result of a large influx of highly educated women from Ukraine. The data confirm the impression that many recent immi - grants from Ukraine want to be self-employed. A somewhat surprising finding is the high proportion of females in executive, managerial, and administra - tive occupations. In several economic areas, the num -
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