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nivtsi University (1891) he prepared a dissertation on the writings of Ivan Vyshensky, an Orthodox monk of the late 16th century who wrote polemics against the Union with Rome. Franko received his doctorate in 1893 from Vienna University. In 1894, Franko became a lecturer on Ukrainian literature at Lviv University; however, he was denied a per manent appointment (university professorship was a state appointment) due to opposition from local Polish authorities and resistance from some conser vative Ukrainian circles. Not long after, Franko became closely as sociated with the Shevchenko Scientific Society, established in 1873 and regenerated by Kyiv-trained historian Mykhailo Hrushevsky who was appointed to a chair in history at Lviv University. In 1894. Hrushevsky became president of the Society in 1897; Franko became a full member in 1899. Most of Franko’s scholarly studies, historical and literary notes, and reviews appeared in the Zapysky Nau- koho Tovarystva im. Shevchenka. Franko worked in the Society’s Ethnographic Commission and headed the Philological Section from 1898 to 1908. More impressed with his writing than with his politics, the Ukrainian community in Lviv marked the 25th anniversary of Franko’s literary work in 1898. Franko’s works of literary history and criticism represent an important contribution to literary studies. He wrote on old Ukrainian drama, particularly the “vertep” and individual 19th century Ukrainian writers including Ivan Kotlarevskiy, Lesia Ukrainka and Taras Shevchenko. Franko also translated into Ukrainian classics from world lite rature including Shakespeare, Lord Byron, Goethe, Schiller, Heine, Russian and Polish writers, as well as works from classical antiquity. He was often called a “golden bridge” between world literature and the Ukrainian world. Franko wrote several studies on linguistics and the Ukrainian literary language, defending the view (later generally accepted), that there was one Ukrainian literary language based on the vernacular from the Poltava region in Russian Ukraine and enriched by vocabulary and usage from Galicia. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1906 by Kharkhiv University for his work in philology. Franko collected much source material on the folklore and ethnography of Galician Ukraini ans, writing a series of studies on folk beliefs, clothing, crafts, and food. His Studies of Ukrainian Folk Songs, first published in three volumes of the Zapysky of the Shevchenko Scientific Society and then separately in 1913, represents a seminal contribution to the field of folklore studies. The Legacy Even this cursory look at Franko’s life and writings shows a person of outstanding talent, prodigious capacity for work, wide-ranging knowledge and interests. He was a poet, prose writer, dramatist, literary historian, translator, journalist and pub lisher, social critic, and civic activist. Franko’s talent, like Shevchenko’s, was recognized in his life-time not only by his compatriots but also by the intelligentsia of other nationalities in Europe. Ukrainians, however, have additional rea sons to honor Franko: Like Shevchenko, Franko had a major impact on the formation of Ukrainian national identity. In the Habsburg Empire of the second half of the 19th century, many questions of national identity had not been yet definitively answered. Did the people of Bukovina, Carpatho- Ruthenia, and Galicia share the same nationality? Should their written language be based on Church Slavonic or on the language spoken by the people? Were these people in the Habsburg Empire the same nationality as the people who called themselves Ukrainians in the Russian Empire? This is not the place to discuss at length how the Ruthenians in the Habsburg Empire became a fully conscious Ukraini an nation with a fully developed literary language based on the vernacular and a network of cultural and economic institutions. Suffice it to say that Ivan Franko had a major influence on this development. Видання C оюзу Українок A мерики - перевидано в електронному форматі в 2012 році . A рхів C У A - Ню Йорк , Н . Й . C Ш A.
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