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as the troublesome word went to the very heart (no pun intended) of the story. I realized that the only conceiv able way out of this situation was to confidently give the word a Ukrainian pronunciation with the accent on the last syllable and hope for the best. I wasn't sure if Minister Kuzmuk and his party would understand the point of Secretary Cohen's remark, but as I glanced at the head table, I was relieved to see no puzzled looks, no questioning glances. You have probably already guessed what I did first thing after coming home that evening. Imagine my surprise when I saw that the authors of my trusty 2- volume English-Ukrainian dictionary offered exactly what I had said, "артишок". It was good to know that I can rely on my instincts in a pinch. Now I can hardly wait for the next chance to escort a Ukrainian to dinner in an American restaurant. I hope artichokes will be on the menu! UNDERSTANDING THE RISK OF BREAST CANCER by IHOR MAGUN, M.D. One of the most dreaded diseases that every woman fears is breast cancer. This fear is not un founded as statistics substantiate. Each year about 200,000 women in the Untied States undergo some form of intervention for breast cancer management. One reassuring fact is that most women with newly diagnosed breast cancer are in the early stage of the disease. Survival studies show that early detection and intervention decrease the chance of cancer spreading to other organs — in short, a cure is completely possi ble. The current use of mammography in women is constantly undergoing changes. There is vast dis agreement on the value of screeening women under the age of 50, primarily because of lack of compelling data suggesting a significant reduction of death. There is also controversy about at what age women can stop having mammographs. At present, the general rule recommends annual mammographs over the age of 50 and every two years between age 40 and age 50. The frequency obviously increases in certain cases and other means of imaging technologies such as MRI and ultrasonography may be useful, but these are rarely used for asymptomatic women. The most significant risk factor in breast can cer is age. As a woman grows older, so does her risk for breast cancer. However, if breast cancer occurs before age 50, it is considered early-onset and genetic factors are most likely playing a role, possibly gene mutation which may even be linked to ovarian cancer. Genetic testing is available, but it is presently investi gational and not routine. Having menstrual periods before age 12 in creases the risk. Not giving birth at all, or giving birth after age 30 increases the risk; pregnancy and delivery of a child before age 20 markedly reduces the risk. A family history of breast cancer in a first degree relative or a second degree relative on the same side of the family, regardless of age of diagnosis, increases the risk. Benign breast disease that necessitates a biopsy also increases the risk. Biopsy of a benign breast dis ease before the age of 50 is associated with up to a six fold increase in risk; biopsy after age 50 is associated with only a three-fold risk. Other risk factors have also been studied. En vironmental risks remain controversial while research suggests that breast cancer in Western societies is not linked to dietary fat intake. The ingestion of estrogen for more than five years is a modest risk factor, yet es- trogen-progesterone combinations do not appear to have any affect. The use of oral contraceptives does not appear to affect cancer risk at all. Although technology has helped provide bet ter screening, education coupled with follow-up rou tine examinations and breast self-examination are ex tremely important for early intervention and treatment. Dear Readers, we request that all photographs submitted for publication in the Ukrainian language section of Our Life be accompanied by an English transliteration of all proper names. Thank you for your cooperation in this matter. 20 НАШЕ ЖИТТЯ”, ЛИСТОПАД 1999 Видання C оюзу Українок A мерики - перевидано в електронному форматі в 2012 році . A рхів C У A - Ню Йорк , Н . Й . C Ш A.
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