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C o n fe re n c e o n A c tio n fo r E q u a lity, D e v e lo p m e n t and Peace far as enterprise training practices are concerned, there appears to be a tendency to discriminate against women” (Standing, 37). What then is taking place is “a marginal ization of female labor, which means low pay, low quali fications, bad and/or harmful conditions of work” (UCBS). Although Ukraine has ratified fifty of the Interna tional Labor Organization Conventions (with forty-five in force), pay inequality, harmful conditions and employ ment segregation still exist. Ukraine is a member of the International Labor Organization’s Convention 100 on equal pay for equal work and 111 on discrimination on the basis of gender. Even as a member of these ILO But pay inequality and gender segregation in the work force still exist in Ukraine. Not only do women workers receive “income 30% lower than that of men”, “they comprise up to 78% of all unemployed” (UCWS#2,5). Income Level "Women represent 50% of the world’s population and one-third of the official labor force, they perform nearly two-thirds of all working hours, receive only one- tenth of the world’s income and own less than 1% of the world’s property” (ILC). Ukrainian women face this income inequality in many areas. In terms of earnings they receive lower pay than men. “According to Ukrain ian trade union stats, the average minimum living standard in the III quarter of 1991 was 1.200.000 karbo- vantsy. In these terms 85% of Ukrainian women receive wages below the minimum cost of living. Less than 1% of women received salaries of 5 million karbovantsy and more” (news, 27). The approximate exchange rate is 140,000 karbovantsy to $1 US. “The highest salaries were recorded for women working at private enterprises, with the highest level at rented enterprises and joint adventures with foreign capital. The lowest figures were for women working on collective farms, enterprises owned by workers collectives and in the state sector” (UCWS, 28). Women continue to remain in low-waged category and are over-represented in the state sector. This work constitutes “55% of all work by women in the state sector and 84% of all women working there” (UCWS, 28). “The least paid group in Ukraine are women under 24 and over 60 years of age” (UCWS, 29). A great number of younger and older women live below the poverty level. Disparity in terms of income generally relegates women to a financially lower strata of society. Empoyment “The rapid process of change and adjustment in all sectors has led to the increased unemployment and underemployment, with particular impact on women” (DPA,5). The restructuring of employment that is taking place throughout Ukraine is adversely affecting women. The ages 18-55 represent the most productive age group for women in the labor market. Approximately “74% of this age group is employed”, excluding the unaccounted “grey market”. This “grey market” (of unregistered bus iness and other forms of employment) affects mostly women between the ages 19-22 and is quite “alarming given the lack of legal protection in most of these jobs” (UCWS, 11). In many cases women are victims of dis crimination or harassment and many times sexual exploitation. With the break-up of large enterprises in the state sector and occupational shifts linked to privatization, women are left with fewer choices in terms of employ ment. What is also common is women bearing the responsibility of the “double burden” (family and child ren) and also “secondary employment” (an additional job). The average salary at official jobs, where a major ity of women are employed, does not provide a neces sary living standard. This in turn has led to additional forms of employment which is “so called ‘secondary employment’. About 12% of all women are engaged in secondary employment in addition to their main job and housework” (UCWS, 15). “One out of three Ukrainian women has an additional job and an additional source of income” (WRB, 144). 18 НАШЕ Ж ИТТЯ”, ЧЕРВЕНЬ 1995 Видання C оюзу Українок A мерики - перевидано в електронному форматі в 2012 році . A рхів C У A - Ню Йорк , Н . Й . C Ш A.
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