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Hrushevsky’s wife, Maria Sylvestrivna, born Maria Voiakovska. Hrushevsky married the young school teacher, Maria Voia kovska, in 1896, in spite of the opposition of conservative Galician political circles who did not consider this daughter of a poor clerical family to be a good match for the wealthy professor from Kiev. But the marriage was a happy one and Maria was able to provide her famous husband with a quiet and orderly home life which made possible his enormous contri bution to Ukrainian academic and public life. She also contri buted translations from French literature to Galician journals, helped to organize Ukrainian theatre in Kiev, and sat in the Central Rada from 1917 to 1918. After the revolution she accompanied her husband into exile in Vienna and returned with him to Kiev in 1924, and shared his second exile to Moscow in the early 1930s. She survived the purges of the 1930s and died in 1953. Credit: Ukraina magazine, Kiev. shevsky agreed to retire from politics, and the Soviets agreed to allow him to return for scholarly work. Immediately upon his return to Kiev, Hrushevsky took up his position as a member of the Academy of Sciences and threw himself into cultural work on behalf of the Ukrainian people. He authored numerous books and articles, founded journals, and initiated research in many new areas of Ukrainian history. His furious organizational and publishing activity caught the Bol sheviks offguard and within a short period of time he was able to gain an international reputation for the Ukrainian Academy. However, this dynamic and very real flowering of Ukrainian culture lasted only a few years. By 1930, Stalin had consolidated his power and was reasserting central control over the Soviet Republics. The Academy was purged, writers and scholars were arrested or simply disappeared into the Gulag system of prison camps, and autonomous Ukrainian culture simply ceased to exist. Sovietization, centralization, and Russification became the norm. In 1931, Hrushevsky himself was briefly arrested, taken to Kharkiv where he was tortured, and then mysteriously released and allowed to live in Moscow. He survived for a few years more in spite of having to constantly report to the Secret Police for humiliating interviews and in spite of constant attacks on him in the press. In 1934, he received permission to go to Kislovodsk in the Caucasus for a holiday. While there, however, he became ill and had to undergo an operation. Although a physician friend of the Hrushevsky family was readily available, the doctor in charge insisted on performing the operation himself. Hrushevsky got worse and soon died. It is unknown whether the doctor’s scalpel intentionally cut too deep or whether the great historian died a natural death. The failure of the Ukrainian Central Rada in 1918 and the tragedy of Hrushevsky’s last years should not obscure his manifold achievements and his central role in Ukrainian political and cultural history during the twentieth century. Hrushevsky was the undisputed leader of the Ukrainian renaissance in Galicia at the opening of the century, the initiator of political action during the last years of Tsarist Russia, the formulator of the theory of the federalization of the Russian Empire before 1918, and the man who oversaw the translation of this idea into the demand for full independence afterwards. More over, during the 1920s, he became the central figure of the cultural flowering that took place in Soviet Ukraine in spite of Communist rule. When he had begun his career, “Ukraine” was still a vague geographical notion which appeared only on a few old maps, but by the time he died, it was the unequivocal name of a recognized nationality and a political entity that was clearly written into the history of modern Europe. Through his life and work, Mykhailo Hrushevsky played no small part in this general process. 20 ’’НАШЕ ЖИТТЯ”, СІЧЕНЬ 1993 Видання C оюзу Українок A мерики - перевидано в електронному форматі в 2012 році . A рхів C У A - Ню Йорк , Н . Й . C Ш A.
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