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where a smile was a front for defiance and in dependence. E. Sverstiuk described the important years in Alla’s life: “1962-1963. Alla Horska was a member of a group of artists to which she was dedicated. She helped the members by giving her time, financial support and the use of her home as a sanctuary. This was a time for self-discovery, searching for goals in the company of young enthusiasts — artists, writers, directors, — all of them expecting the emergence of true ingenuity amid hopes of a cultural rebirth. Mr. Sverstiuk concluded his eulogy with these words: Alla Horska will shine above the light, she will bring joy to the spirit at the mention of her name. She was a rare individual and will remain with us forever. (The original text by N. Svitlychna in Ukrainian, was loosely translated into English by Marta Baczynsky.) ICW Conference Scheduled The International Council of Women is scheduled to hold its plenary meeting this year in London, Eng land. With the theme "Women and International Under standing”, the ICW is looking forward to a very produc tive session, with delegates and observers in attendance from all over the world. The conference is planned for April 21 thru May 3, 1986. How it all began... Although the International Council of Women was officially formed in 1888, its basic ideas have been grow ing and gathering momentum since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The social ills of the time—sla very, abominable working conditions both for women and children, deprivation of the most elementary legal rights for women and illiteracy — awoke the collective consciousness of women and spurned them to action. The slavery issue was the catalyst for this move ment. In 1840 a number of American men and women sailed for London to attend the World’s Anti-Slavery Convention. Among them were two prominent individu als Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, known for their public campaign on behalf of women’s rights. Unfortunately, or perhaps fortunately for the women’s movement, American women delegates to the Conven tion were barred active participation in the proceedings. This action caused great indignation throughout the civ ilized world and served as the incentive for women in many countries to organize, publish journals and offer parliamentary petitions on behalf of women’s rights. In 1848 the First Women’s Rights Convention was held in Seneca Falls, NY to discuss “social, civil and religious conditions and rights of women.” “We hold these truths to be self evident” that all men and women are created equal: that they are en dowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights.... that the history of mankind is a history of repeated injur ies and usurpations on the part of man toward woman... To prove this let facts be submitted to a candid world.” (from the Declaration of the Seneca Convention) Every good enterprise takes time to develop, and the next forty years served that purpose in terms of women’s enlightenment in the United States and throu ghout Europe. The Industrial Revolution called for skilled labor which led to the popularization of both primary and secondary education for men and women. Institu tions of higher learning for women were established during that time in England — Queen’s College and Bedford College, while in the United States — Mount Holyoke, Elmira and Vassar. In literature, two popular works were reprinted and translated into other lan guages: John Stuart Mill’s The Subjection of Women (1868), tracing the English feminist movement and Women and Socialism (1879) by German Social-Demo- cratic leader August Babel, concerned with disseminat ing the feminist ideals among the working class women. In the 1870’s and 1880’s women’s suffrage became the prime issue for the women’s movement. There were, however, still many societies and groups devoted to var ious social reform causes such as penal reforms, tem perance, aid to orphans and widows and the rescue of “fallen women” . Some leaders in the women’s move ment felt that the time had come to coordinate and unite this work on an international basis. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony did just that with the intention of first organizing an Interna tional Women’s Suffrage Meeting in cooperation with the National Women’s Suffrage Association of the Uni ted States. However, at their Annual Convention it was decided to “extend the invitation to all associations of women in the trades, professions and reforms, as well as those advocating political rights”. In March 1888 a meeting was held in Washington DC, the first International Council of Women Confer ence, which was presided over by Susan B. Anthony. Fifty-three different national organizations of women were represented — 49 delegates hailing from England, France, Denmark, Norway, Finland, India, Canada and the U.S. The Council accepted a proposal put forth by May Wright Sewall, educator and social reformer, to form two permanent bodies — national and interna tional —which would “ incalculably increase the world’s sum of womanly courage, efficiency and esprit de corps.” At the first Conference discussions concentrated on education, temperance, professions, philanthropies, in dustries, political conditions and social purity. The Council favored: equal wages to be paid for equal work for both men and women, the opening of all institutions of learning to women and equivalent standards of per sonal purity and morality for men and women. Видання C оюзу Українок A мерики - перевидано в електронному форматі в 2012 році . A рхів C У A - Ню Йорк , Н . Й . C Ш A.
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