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UKRAINIAN WOMAN OUR ENGLISH COLUMN THE UKRAINIAN W OM AN IN FIGURES We base the following’ records on statistical data published by the authorities o i Soviet Ukraine. Population According to the Soviet census of 1950 the population of Ukraine reached) 41,250,000, the women constituting 51% or approximate ly 21,000,000. Participation of women in the economy of the country In 1950 the numiber of gainfully employed women in Ukraine made up 40%, of this 65% in ag riculture, 35% in industry, com merce, communications, teaching, sanitary service and administra tion. It should ‘be recalled that at the beginning of this century Uk raine had been an agricultural country, since it had been denied by the Russian Czarist govern ment the opportunity to develop industrially. Thus the agriculture had to satisfy partly its own needs iby developing its own handicraft trade. It amounted to some 30% of the value of the entire home made industry of the land. Its main part, notably the textiles, The growth and expansion of industry required many new workers. Through the destruction of individual farms great masses of well-to-do farmers were thrown out of the villages. A large numiber of them rushed into industry if they were able to es cape being exiled to Siberia. And 1913 Minerals ................................. 8,3 Chemicals ............................... 3,1 Metallurgy ............ 0,3 Machine-building ................. 1,1 Polygraphy ......................... 0,6 was produced (by the Ukrainian woman. As an example: 4,000,000 Ukrainian peasant households needed about 525,000,000 metres of fabrics annually which was be ing done by the Ukrainian women on the loom. In the 1920-ies the economy of Ukraine underwent an intensive overturn. An extensive industry has been developed in Ukraine (the metallurgical production, the output of anthracite perfect for good coke, as well as machine- building plants — in the Donets Coal Basin, known as Donbas, and Krivy Rih). The food production is being carried out on a large industrial scalc. The Might industry has also been widely developed. The main upheaval was effect ed, by violent force, through col lectivization of the farms, carried out in 1930-31, to the scorching detriment of millions of individual farmers. In 1932-3 the Soviet gov ernment crushed the opposition of farmers to collectivization by the government-imposed fraudulent famine which cost the Ukrainian people over 6,000,000 lives of pea sant men, women and children. since the influx of men was insuf ficient, women were likewise brought in to work in the indus try. This process is best illustrated by the data of 1937 ("The Social ist Ukraine,” Kiev). Women in heavy industry (fig ures in thousands). 1924 1929 1933 1936 11,9 21,4 61,4 68,9 2,0 2,0 9,4 15,3 3,1 6,5 30,7 33,3 4,4 7,4 65,0 86,2 1,3 1,3 6,5 6,4 Proportionately the woman in Ukraine was, according to data of 1934, gainfully employed: In mineral output — 21.4%. Iron ore output — 18.2%. Metallurgy — 19.1%. Machine-building — 20.6%. Polygraphy — 44.7%. Chemistry — 23.7%. In all industry the part of the work of women added up to 26.4%. We have stressed the branches of industry in which the women of the West either are not being employed or their number is in significant. In the light industry the share of women workers is much larg er. It is clear that the work the woman were not used to for gene rations, is bound to react unfavor ably physically and mentally, the more so since there are no laws to protect them in difficult circum stances. There are no statistical data on working women affected by illness or on their debility. Only the low standard of living drives the women in USSR to em ployment which usually causes the decrease of birth-rate. The Soviet press likewise remains si lent on these subjects. However, the fact that there is no mention in Soviet publications of these to pics — speaks more than even the figures could say. Besides, this economic upturn has destroyed the handicraft trade in Ukraine. Only in some old centers famous for their particu lar dexterity, there remained cer tain shops run by groups (artels) of workers that are continuing the tradition of such production. In 1940 there had been 86 artels of weavers with 92,000 women workers. This had been only a small part of the artisans who used to clothe the whole liand. ECONOMIC UPHEAVAL AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
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